Onions — A Powerful Anti-Cancer Food Staple

Please Don't Overpeel This Vegetable

Packed with anti-cancer compounds, it can slash your risk of several types of cancer - but please don't overpeel as it can reduce its quercetin and anthocyanin content by as much as 20 percent and 75 percent respectively.

07 November 2016

Story at-a-glance

• People with the highest consumption of onions have a lower risk of several types of cancer, including ovarian, endometrial, liver, colon, kidney, esophageal, laryngeal, prostate, colorectal and breast cancer
• Onions contain several anti-cancer compounds, including quercetin, anthocyanins, organosulfur compounds such as diallyl disulfide (DDS), S-allylcysteine (SAC) and S-methylcysteine (SMC), and onionin A (ONA)
• ONA may offer protection against epithelial ovarian cancer, the most common type of ovarian cancer; quercetin helps protect against ovarian, breast, colon, brain and lung cancer

By Dr. Mercola

If you're interested in using food to lower your risk of cancer, remember to eat lots of onions. Research shows that people with the highest consumption of onions (as well as other allium vegetables) have a lower risk of several types of cancer, including:1,2,3,4

• Liver, colon5 and renal cell (kidney)
• Esophageal and laryngeal
• Prostate6 and colorectal
• Breast7
• Ovarian and endometrial

Onions contain several anti-cancer compounds, including quercetin, anthocyanins, organosulfur compounds such as diallyl disulfide (DDS), S-allylcysteine (SAC) and S-methylcysteine (SMC), and onionin A (ONA).

Onion Compound Suppresses Ovarian Cancer

Starting with the latter, ONA was recently found to offer protection against epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC),8 the most common type of ovarian cancer. As noted by Medical News Today:9

"With a 5-year survival rate of approximately 40 percent, effective treatments for the illness are needed.

Although new cases of EOC ranks 10th among female malignancies, the team says the number of deaths due to this type of ovarian cancer ranks fifth in the United States.

About 80 percent of patients with EOC have a relapse after initial chemotherapy treatment."

ONA, it turns out, slowed growth of EOC. The compound also inhibited other cancerous activities, and enhanced the effects of anti-cancer drugs. Mice fed ONA also lived longer. According to the authors:

"We found that ONA reduced the extent of ovarian cancer cell proliferation induced by co-culture with human macrophages. In addition, we found that ONA directly suppressed cancer cell proliferation.

Thus, ONA is considered useful for the additional treatment of patients with ovarian cancer owing to its suppression of the pro-tumor activation of [tumor-associated macrophages] and direct cytotoxicity against cancer cells."

The Stronger an Onion's Flavor, the More Effective Its Anti-Cancer Effects

Previous research has revealed that the stronger the flavor of the onion, the better its cancer-fighting potential. A 2004 study, in which food scientists analyzed 10 different varieties of onion, the following were found to be particularly effective against liver and colon cancer:1011

• Liver cancer: shallots, Western yellow onion, pungent yellow onion
• Colon cancer: pungent yellow onion, Western yellow onion

Northern red onions were also found to be high in anti-cancer chemicals, just not quite as potent as the others listed.

Mild-flavored onions, such as Empire Sweet, Western white, Peruvian sweet and Vidalia had the lowest antioxidant activity, making them less potent in terms of anti-cancer benefits. According to lead author, Dr. Rui Hai Liu, an associate professor of food science:

"Onions are one of the richest sources of flavonoids in the human diet, and flavonoid consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of cancer, heart disease and diabetes.

Flavonoids are not only anti-cancer but also are known to be anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-allergenic and anti-inflammatory …

Our study of 10 onion varieties and shallots clearly shows that onions and shallots have potent antioxidant and antiproliferation activities and that the more total phenolic and flavonoid content an onion has, the stronger its antioxidant activity and protective effect."

Quercetin — Another Potent Anti-Cancer Compound

Quercetin, another anti-cancer compound found in onions, has been shown to decrease cancer tumor initiation and inhibit the proliferation of cultured ovarian, breast, and colon cancer cells. It's also associated with a decreased risk for brain cancer,12 and a lower risk of lung cancer if you're a smoker.13

Quercetin has also been shown to help lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients,14 and helps prevent histamine release, making quercetin-rich foods such as onions "natural antihistamines."

Quercetin is available in supplement form, but getting this flavonoid naturally from onions makes more sense for a couple of reasons:15

• One animal study found that animals received greater protection against oxidative stress when they consumed yellow onion in their diet, as opposed to consuming quercetin extracts.16
• Quercetin is not degraded by low-heat cooking, such as simmering, making onion soup an easy-to-make superfood.

Other Beneficial Compounds Found in Onions

The organosulfur compounds DDS, SAC and SMC have also been found to inhibit colon and kidney cancer, in part by inducing cancer cell apoptosis (cell death), but also by inhibiting gene transcription and protecting against ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression.17 Onions are also a good source of:

•Fiber, which can help lower your cancer risk, especially colon cancer

•Vitamin C18

•Anthocyanins (red, purple and blue plant pigments found in red onions). Research has linked anthocyanins to a reduced risk for a number of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological dysfunction and decline.

They also help prevent obesity and diabetes, in part by inhibiting certain enzymes in your digestive tract, and by supporting healthy blood sugar control. They have potent anti-inflammatory effects, which helps explain their protective effects against chronic disease

The Many Health Benefits of Onions

While onions are gaining a reputation for their anti-cancer properties, the more we learn about onions, the more it becomes clear they offer whole body benefits.

That is the beauty of eating whole foods, after all, because they typically contain manybeneficial phytochemicals that enhance your health in numerous synergistic ways. As for onions, research has shown that including onions in your diet may offer the following benefits:19

Prevent inflammatory processes associated with asthma	Reduce symptoms associated with diabetes
Lower levels of cholesterol and triglycerides	Reduce symptoms associated with osteoporosis and improve bone health
Maintain gastrointestinal health by sustaining beneficial bacteria	Diminish replication of HIV
Reduce risk of neurodegenerative disorders	Lower your risk of cataract formation
Antimicrobial properties that may help reduce the rate of food-borne illness	Improvement of intestinal flora, improved absorption of calcium and magnesium due to the fructans they contain
Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties	Improved heart health. The sulfur compounds have anti-clotting properties and help improve blood lipid profiles. The allium and allyl disulphide in onions also help decrease blood vessel stiffness by enhancing nitric oxide release. This may reduce blood pressure, inhibit platelet clot formation, and help decrease the risk of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular diseases, and stroke

Tips for Storing and Preparing Onions

If learning about their health benefits has inspired you to eat more onions, you're in luck as they are incredibly versatile and come in a variety of colors and flavors. Keep in mind that the antioxidants tend to be most concentrated in the OUTER layers of the onion, so avoid overpeeling.

Ideally, peel off only the outermost paper-like layer. Peeling too many layers can reduce the onion's quercetin and anthocyanin content by as much as 20 percent and 75 percent respectively.20 One piece of good news is that quercetin does not degrade when cooked over low heat, so when you're making soup, for example, it simply transfers into the broth.

As for storing your onions, do NOT keep them in plastic. Whole, dry bulbs should be stored in a cool, dry, dark place with plenty of air movement to maximize shelf life.

To extend shelf life of sweet or mild onion varieties, which have a higher water content, you can store the whole bulbs in the fridge. Once an onion has been cut or peeled, it can be refrigerated in a sealed container for about a week before it starts going bad. Leaving a cut onion in room temperature can significantly reduce its antibacterial properties.21

Cooking With Onions

The video above demonstrates the best way to peel and dice an onion, while the chart below, both from the National Onion Association,22 provides a helpful summary of which types of onions are best used for various dishes.

Color	Variety or Type	Availability	Raw Flavor/Texture	Best Usage
Yellow Onion: All-purpose and most popular. The most well-known sweet onions are yellow. The best type of onion for caramelizing is a yellow storage variety. Cooking brings out this variety's nutty, mellow, often sweet, quality when caramelized.	Sweet	March-September	Crisp, juicy, mild flavor with a slightly sweet ending with little to no after-taste	Raw, lightly cooked, sautéed, or grilled
	Fresh, Mild	March - August	Crisp, juicy, mild to slightly pungent with a faint after-taste	Raw, lightly cooked, sautéed, or grilled
	Storage	August-May	Strong onion flavor, mild after-taste	Grilled, sautéed, caramelized, baked, or roasted
Red Onion: Red onions have gained popularity in the past decade, especially in foodservice on saladsand sandwiches because of their color.	Sweet	March-September	Crisp, very mild onion flavor	Raw, grilled, or roasted
	Fresh, Mild	March-September	Bright tones, slightly less water content than yellow with a slightly pungent ending	Raw, grilled, or roasted
	Storage	August-May	Sharp, spicy, and moderate to very pungent	Raw, grilled, or roasted
White Onion: White onions are commonly used in white sauces, potato and pasta salads, and in Mexican or Southwest cuisine. Due to the compact nature of their cell structure, white onions do not store quite as long as other varieties.	Fresh, Mild	March-August	Moderately pungent and clean finish, very little after-taste	Raw, grilled, sautéed, or lightly cooked
	Storage	August-May	Moderately pungent to very pungent and full flavored, but finishes with a cleaner and crisper flavor in comparison to yellow and red storage varieties	Raw, grilled, sautéed, or lightly cooked

Source: National Onion Association, All About Onions

http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/11/07/health-benefits-onion.aspx