Pages

Showing posts with label Gene Mutation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Gene Mutation. Show all posts

Friday, 7 June 2013

Prophylactic Breast Removal by DR. RICHARD SCHULZE

COMMENTARY by DR. RICHARD SCHULZE

May 15, 2013

Friends, I am interrupting this week’s Video Blog with a special commentary.

Since Angelina Jolie’s voluntary breast removal story hit the press yesterday, my office has been flooded with calls and e-mails from friends and acquaintances regarding this subject, and what my opinion is on such a radical preventative surgery. Readers are also starting to flood my BLOG with similar questions so let me address this issue, yet once again.

What’s Going On?

It is common medical knowledge that we are all genetically predisposed to certain diseases. We are the genetic products of our mother and our father. Therefore we all have the predisposition to develop inherited strengths and weaknesses (or diseases), passed down by them. This does NOT mean that we will develop the same health problems or die from the same diseases that our parents did. It simply means that our chances may be elevated. I will explain more on this later, and more important, how YOU can AVOID manifesting any genetic family diseases.

But specifically, with breast cancer, scientists think that they have discovered a gene, they refer to as BRCA1, that is a genetic marker for the potential development of breast cancer. The reason I say “think” is simply because almost all this testing science is proven false or at least faulty a decade or so later, like the AIDS test, or the PSA test for prostate cancer (that has now been proven defective), or giving millions of mammograms to young women whose breast tissue was too dense to see anything, which caused breast cancer and so this practice is now condemned.

Regardless of the history of medical testing blunders, many women who test positive for this particular BRCA1 gene are now opting to have their healthy breasts removed, as did Angelina Jolie in February.

And I am telling you right now, that in a decade or two, surgically cutting off healthy breasts because someone tests positive for the BRCA1 gene will be seen as a huge horrific medical mistake.

Regarding Angelina’s decision, personally I think it is an ignorant mistake. We are all just doing the best we can with the information that we have. When faced with possible death, who knows what each of us will decide? On the other hand, she was not faced with death, she is currently healthy, and I do not believe that her doctors gave her the whole picture, the whole truth, and if they had, her decision may have been very different, and not based on fear, disease and death but instead focusing on getting really healthy and staying really healthy.

So I don’t mind her ignorance, but what I do mind is her preaching her ignorance, and being some spokeswoman for BRCA1 genes. FEAR, negativity, and being a spokeswoman for the trillion-dollar medical and pharmaceutical industry that is getting rich by exploiting women’s fears—now she is becoming a spokeswomen to convince other women to cut off their own healthy breasts.

There Is A Positive Side To Testing Positive

NOTE: A positive test for this BRCA1 gene DOES NOT MEAN that you will develop breast cancer in your lifetime. In fact, if you have no family history of breast cancer, your odds of developing it are only slightly increased over the general population, like 10%. Your odds are much higher to develop breast cancer by simply living on a farm than having this gene, which can cause a 20% to 40% increase in breast cancer, but no one is suggesting that all farmers’ daughters have their breasts chopped off are they?

It is common medical knowledge that when doctors say you have a family history, or a family tendency to develop a particular disease, or even a marker gene that can mutate, it is USUALLY NOT the genetic defect that causes the disease, but what the family ate and the environment that the family lived in, that caused this gene to mutate.

But doctors say if you have a relative who did have breast cancer, and you have the BRCA1 gene, then your chances are increased up to 80%. Again, more on how to NOT manifest genetic diseases later.

Bottom Line First

The only reason a woman would cut off her healthy breasts is FEAR. Fear often caused by watching a close relative or loved one die of cancer, or specifically breast cancer. FEAR promoted by medical doctors and cancer researchers who all know better. FEAR promoted by hospitals and medical doctors because they make billions of dollars annually using this fear to sell their horrific medical procedures.

The late President Franklin D. Roosevelt stated, “The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself…nameless, unjustified terror that paralyses us into retreating, instead of advancing”.

FEAR, darkness, negativity, disease, causing us to retreat instead of advance. Wow, what a great statement. This couldn’t be truer than in this instance. FEAR causing us to cut off healthy body parts instead of learning how to shut off bad genes and Creating Powerful Health.

Medical Doctors Should Be Ashamed

After all, it is their oath, not mine, that states, “Do No Harm”, and surgical removal of healthy body parts is definitely harmful, not just physically harmful and risky, as is any surgical procedure, but also harmful are all the drugs used for this type of surgery from anesthetics and antibiotics to the pain killers. Trust me, every single day patients all across America are dying from hospital contracted bacterial infections, cancer caused by x-rays and CT scans and lives are ruined by pain killing drugs and patients are killed by pharmaceutical drugs. There are 1,000 potential risks from undergoing any type of surgery. And I have not even mentioned the emotional and spiritual harm caused to a woman by having this type of surgery. I saw the negative aftermath of mastectomies in my clinic, one too many times.

How to AVOID Genetic Diseases

Don’t let medical doctors terrify you into making horrifying, life-changing decisions! And don’t let them talk you into cutting off healthy body parts.

All that genetic markers say is that you have the potential to develop a disease, like breast cancer. It simply means that you have genes in your body, that when stimulated, irritated or woken up, can mutate and develop into cancer. Well, what wakes these genes up is no mystery, and ALL medical and cancer researchers know exactly what turns these genes on, but they don’t want to touch this subject, simply because it’s unpopular. What turns these genes on and makes them mutate, is junk food, toxic chemicals, French fries, pharmaceutical drugs… the list is long; it’s the aftermath of the American Dream.

Studies in Israel and even worldwide have proven the direct link between cows’ milk consumption and breast cancer. The growth hormones and steroids naturally present in cows’ milk are genetically designed to create a COW, not a human, and consumption of these alien hormones has been associated with cancer. Worse, if the cows have been subjected to additional growth hormones and steroids, which almost all are in America, because the use is rampant in the dairy industry, well, your odds of developing cancer are much greater. But no one is talking about women not consuming cow dairy products.

And maybe the greatest known risk factor to cause breast cancer is the use of hormones, like taking birth control pills or the supplemental use of hormones for menopause. This can increase your risk of developing breast cancer much greater than if you have the BRCA1 gene and a mother who had breast cancer.

Taking hormones can increase your risk of cancer 15 TIMES (1,500%)!

Dr. Angela Lanfranchi, a breast surgical oncologist and cofounder of the Breast Cancer Prevention Institute, calls the contraceptive pill a “Molotov cocktail” for breast cancer!

Additionally, there are hundreds of environmental toxins that are known to cause breast cancer like heavy metals to toxic chemicals and pollutants, to numerous chemicals added to the food we eat or the water we drink, to even the containers the food and drink comes in. There are even negative emotions that are now known to cause cancer.

The bottom line is that what causes someone to develop cancer, specifically breast cancer, is not so much the genetic predisposition, as what your mother ate, drank and the environment she grew up in and was exposed to. And, if she developed breast cancer, and you continue to live, eat, drink and even think the same way she did, well, then you can certainly expect to have an increased breast cancer risk.

BUT…

Now here is the big ‘BUT’… If you CHANGE, and do not live like your mother, and don’t live in the same possibly toxic environment, and don’t eat the same food, and don’t drink the same drinks, and don’t take the same pharmaceutical drugs, and don’t wear the same clothes, and don’t expose yourself to the same household chemicals, and don’t breathe the same air, and don’t think the same thoughts, and don’t torture yourself physically, emotionally and spiritually like your mother did to herself, then why would your body develop cancer? The answer is simply that these genes would NOT be stimulated and you would NOT develop cancer!

Bottom, Bottom Line

From a blog I wrote a few years ago on this same subject...

"Remember, your level of health is determined by your GENETICS REACTING to your LIFESTYLE, meaning, that you may be genetically predisposed to reproductive cancer (and there is nothing that you can do about that, that's water under the bridge) but if you create a powerfully healthy lifestyle, again, not just physically, but also emotionally and spiritually, well, you simply WILL NOT develop reproductive cancer.

On the other hand, if you live in a similar way as your parents did, or even a lower quality or lower health lifestyle, well, you can expect a similar outcome, possibly creating Reproductive Cancer. For all of us, the best way to PREVENT genetic weaknesses (family diseases) from developing in our bodies, and the best way to pass on stronger genetic coding to our children, is to live a healthy life. I don’t want to sound like a German geneticist or Dr. "Adolph" Schulze here, but this is a very basic law of Nature. The weak become diseased and die out and the strong survive, and get stronger, and I want to make sure that you are strong, healthy, live long, and that we will all create stronger and healthier future generations."

Finally, and MOST IMPORTANT!!!

Remember one thing…

It is NOT what you inherit…

It is how you LIVE that can either turn on, or turn off, genes that are predisposed to disease. But let’s get our minds out of the negative medical gutter.

I ask you to STOP being medically negative for a moment and just imagine that we also have genes in our body that are predisposed to greatness—genes for powerful strength, powerful health, brilliance, genius and maybe even super powers, physically, emotionally and spiritually.

Let us STOP living in FEAR and dwelling about your genes that can possibly turn into a disease, and instead START THINKING about living a healthy lifestyle and a life that turns your other super-health genes and super-power-genes on! YES!!!

— Dr. Schulze

https://herbdocblog.com/article/Commentary/prophylacticbreast-removal/

Wednesday, 8 August 2012

Improve Immunity, Lifestyle Changes and Cancer Prevention

~Cancer Prevention
Reprinted with permission of Life Extension®.


  • Gene Mutation and Cancer
  • How Cancer Cells Form
  • Preventing Gene Mutation
  • Summary
Just a few years ago, the federal government released an optimistic report stating that the rate of cancer was leveling off or declining. In late 2002, the National Cancer Institute disclosed that the data used to prepare this report was seriously flawed. According to the National Cancer Institute, the incidences of some of the most deadly cancers are actually sharply increasing.

The American Cancer Association responded to these startling statistics by urging that more research be devoted to ascertain why prevention programs are failing. It has become strikingly apparent that the most respected cancer institutions have no explanation for why more Americans than ever before are contracting this devastating disease.

Regrettably, most cancer cases occur needlessly. Thousands of published scientific findings provide a clear road map as to what one can do to reduce their risk of developing cancer. The problem is that people are overwhelmed by the volume of cancer prevention data and have largely failed to take the necessary steps to reduce their personal risk.

In this protocol, we will reveal the fundamental factor that causes all cancers. We will then suggest relatively simple lifestyle changes that can help keep normal cells from transforming into malignant cells.

GENE MUTATION AND CANCER
  • Causes
  • What Causes Genes to Mutate

Causes

Cancer is a disease caused by genetic mutation. Most people have a difficult time grasping the molecular complexities of genes and their relationship to cancer. To bring this down to the simplest level, the following definition from the New England Journal of Medicine (Haber 2000) should enable lay persons to understand how genes are intimately involved in cancer processes: "Cancer results from the accumulation of mutations in genes that regulate cellular proliferation."

This one sentence description enlightens us to the critical importance of maintaining gene integrity if we are to prevent cancer from developing in our bodies.

Cells operate under the direction of genes located in the DNA. Our existence is dependent on the precise genetic regulation of all cellular events. Healthy young cells have nearly perfect genes. Aging and environmental factors cause genes to mutate, resulting in cellular metabolic disorder. Gene mutations can turn healthy cells into malignant cells. As gene mutations accumulate, the risk of cancer sharply increases.



What Causes Genes to Mutate

Human studies show that about 70% of gene mutations are environmental and, thus, relatively controllable based on what we eat, whether we smoke, or exposure to genotoxins or radiation (Ljungquist et al. 1995; Herskind et al. 1996; Finch et al. 1997). Antioxidant supplements have become popular because they reduce gene damage inflicted by free radicals. However, it takes more than antioxidants to adequately protect genes against environmental mutation.

The most prevalent cause of environmental genetic mutation is the food we eat every day. While certain foods are particularly genotoxic, even healthy foods result in the body being exposed to small amounts of carcinogens. A consistent finding in epidemiological studies is that people who consume the most calories have significantly higher incidences of cancer (Kuska 2000; Winick 1991). There are several mechanisms that explain why overeating causes cancer, but one reason is that more gene mutations occur in response to higher food intake.

It is well known that foods cooked at high temperatures inflict massive damage to the genes. Women who eat very well cooked hamburgers have a 50% greater risk of breast cancer than women who eat rare or medium hamburgers. A nested, case-control study among 41,836 cohort members of the Iowa Women's Health Study found that women who consistently consumed well cooked beef steak, hamburgers, and bacon had a 4.62-fold increased risk of breast cancer (Zheng et al. 1998).
Cooking foods at high temperatures causes the formation of gene-mutating heterocyclic amines. This is one reason why eating deep-fried foods is dangerous.
Heterocyclic amines have been linked to prostate, breast, colorectal, esophageal, lung, liver, and other cancers. While health-conscious people try to avoid foods that are known carcinogens, even grilled salmon contains a potent dose of gene-mutating heterocyclic amines (Madrigal-Bujaidar et al. 1997).

While one can reduce his exposure to cancer-causing heterocylic amines, it may be impossible to prevent them from forming in the body. This is because enzymatic activities that naturally occur in the liver can inadvertently manufacture heterocyclic amines from otherwise harmless organic compounds (Guengerich et al. 1991). The carcinogenic dangers of heterocyclic amines have been thoroughly discussed in the scientific literature, yet the public is largely unaware of these dangers and continues to consume foods that inflict massive numbers of gene mutations.

Studies indicate that heterocyclic amines cause more cases of cancer than previously indicated (Terry et al. 2003; Turesky 2002). However, heterocyclic amines are not the only dietary culprit involved in gene mutation. Other mutagenic agents found in food are nitrosamine preservatives, aflatoxin molds, and pesticide/herbicide residues.

The bottom line is that we need to eat a certain number of calories, and this inevitably exposes us to agents that mutate our genes. Because avoiding all dietary carcinogens is impossible, identifying methods to protect genes against mutation becomes a critical part of a life extension program.



HOW CANCER CELLS FORM

As quoted earlier in this text, "Cancer results from the accumulation of mutations in genes that regulate cellular proliferation" (Haber 2000). A common pathway toward cancer occurs when dietary mutagenic agents cause adducts to be formed on DNA genes.
Adducts (gene alterations) are formed when a carcinogen binds to DNA. When a high enough percentage of DNA adducts form along critical gene segments, normal cells can be transformed into cancer cells (Strauss et al. 1991).
Roughly 90% of DNA adducts are removed within a 24-hour period by DNA repair enzymes and other natural gene protective mechanisms (Hart et al. 1974). Humans possess the most efficient DNA repair mechanisms in the entire animal kingdom. Mice and other small mammals, on the other hand, have a 0-13% repair rate over 24 hours (which correlates with the mouse average lifespan of only 3.4 years) (Hart et al. 1974).
DNA adducts represent genetic mutation. If the adducts are not repaired, this can lead to tumor formation. Preventing these adducts from forming in the first place would dramatically lower cancer risk.


PREVENTING GENE MUTATION
  • History of Chlorophyllin
  • Detoxifying Dietary Mutagens
  • When to Take Chlorophyllin
  • Chlorophyllin Side Effects/Contraindications
  • Choosing a Chlorophyllin Product
The first line of defense against the many carcinogens in the human diet are agents that prevent gene mutation. Many antimutagenic agents have been identified in fruits and vegetables, the most potent being the indole-3-carbinols, the chlorophylls, and chlorophyllin (Negishi et al. 1997). The traditional dietary antioxidants should be considered only as a secondary line of defense against cancer because it is more important to inactivate or neutralize carcinogens in the first place than to try to protect the cells and proteins downstream from their effects.
Chlorophyllin is the modified, water-soluble form of chlorophyll that has been tested as an antimutagenic agent for more than 20 years. In one of the great ironies of natural product science, we now have a very large body of data concerning the anticancer, antimutagenic, antioxidant, and potentially life-extending benefits of chlorophyllin but much less information on the effects of natural chlorophyll itself (Negishi et al. 1997; Tsunoda et al. 1998).

For example, chlorophyllin can cross cell membranes, organelle membranes, and the blood-brain barrier while chlorophyll cannot. Chlorophyllin even enters into the mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of the cell where 91% of oxygen reduction occurs and where the majority of free radicals are produced (Boloor et al. 2000; Kamat et al. 2000).
Chlorophyllin quenches all major reactive oxygen species, such as the superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and even the most dangerously reactive hydroxyl radical at very low doses (Kamat et al. 2000).
Chlorophyllin has been shown to be a potent mitochondrial antioxidant that not only protects mitochondria from their own auto-oxidation (considered to be one of the major causes of aging), but also protects mitochondria from a variety of external chemical, biological, and radiation insults (Boloor et al. 2000; Kamat et al. 2000; Wei et al. 2001).



History of Chlorophyllin

The Life Extension Foundation introduced its members to the antimutagenic effects of chlorophyllin in 1989. Life Extension based its recommendation to supplement with chlorophyllin on a study in the journal Mutation Research, showing that this plant extract was more effective than all other known anticancer vitamins at that time (Ong et al. 1989).
An earlier study also in Mutation Research reported that chlorophyllin suppressed the mutagenic activity of carcinogens such as fried beef and pork, red wine, chewing tobacco and snuff, cigarette smoke, diesel emissions, and coal dust by more than 90% (Ong et al. 1986)! No other supplement came close to the ability of chlorophyllin to inhibit deadly gene mutations.
In 1989, the cost of chlorophyllin was exorbitant, and only relatively low amounts could be used in dietary supplements. The good news is that the price of chlorophyllin has plummeted, enabling consumers to obtain high potencies at affordable prices.



Detoxifying Dietary Mutagens

The great majority of studies about chlorophyllin's health benefits concern its antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic properties. Unlike other antioxidants, which merely quench free radicals, chlorophyllin traps heterocyclic hydrocarbon carcinogens by reacting with their backbone, making it impossible for them to form adducts with DNA (Dashwood et al. 1996; Hernaez et al. 1997).
There are more than 50 cancer-causing agents known to occur in the human diet that chlorophyllin has been shown to protect against, including benzopyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), dibenzopyrene, TRP-P2, aflatoxin B-1 and aflatoxin B-2, 2-aminoanthracene, 2-nitrofluorene, 1-nitropyrene, 1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-pyridine] (PHIP), and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] quinoline (IQ). Tea epigallocatechins have no effect on the degradation rate of N-hydroxy IQ, but chlorophyllin rapidly degrades it by combining with it (Hernaez et al. 1997; Madrigal-Bujaidar et al. 1997; Negishi et al. 1997; Tang et al. 1997; Breinholt et al. 1999; Cabera et al. 2000; Chung et al. 2000; Kamat et al. 2000; Egner et al. 2001).

Many of these carcinogens are found in ordinary broiled, boiled, baked, and otherwise high-temperature cooked foods (Guengerich et al. 1991). For instance, PHIP is considered the most abundant heterocyclic amine in fried ground beef. It causes colon cancers in F344 rats and is considered a leading cancer suspect agent in humans (Guengerich et al. 1991; Guo 1995). Chlorophyllin 0.1% in the drinking water of rats reduced aberrant crypt foci 50% in the colon when exposed to PHIP (Guo 1995). In another study with F344 rats, a diet with 2000-ppm chlorophyllin significantly protected them from diethylnitrosamine-induced liver neoplasms (Sugie 1996). Diethylnitrosamine is commonly found in many types of distilled spirits and beers (Guengerich et al. 1991).

The most notorious of all human dietary carcinogens is aflatoxin B-1. Aflatoxins occur all over the world in fungus-infected rice, wheat, rye, and other staple grains. They have also been found in a variety of U.S. crops. Aflatoxin-infected crops are more of a problem in developing countries such as China where, in certain provinces, the farmers experience the highest liver cancer rates in the world (Egner et al. 2001). In a landmark study entitled "Chlorophyllin Intervention Reduces Aflatoxin-DNA Adducts in Individuals at High Risk for Cancer," researchers demonstrated a 55% reduction in aflatoxin urinary bio-markers compared to controls by giving the farmers 100 mg of chlorophyllin 3 times a day with their meals (Egner et al. 2001).

The scientists estimated that the induction period needed for this type of cancer to develop was extended from 20-40 years by supplementing with chlorophyllin. Chlorophyllin tablets were found to be the least expensive and most cost effective means of preventing these types of cancers (Egner et al. 2000; 2001). Several studies have noted that there is a powerful relationship between dietary aflatoxin reduction, DNA adducts, and lowering of cancer rates in both humans and animals (Dashwood et al. 1998; Kensler et al. 1998; Breinholt et al. 1999; Egner et al. 2001).

The effective dose of chlorophyllin as an antimutagenic agent is far lower than teas and other antioxidants, usually in the range of 0.5-4 mg per kilogram of body weight, making chlorophyllin the most potent antimutagen available on a weight basis. The best results in animals at suppressing carcinogenesis are in the 2-4 mg per kilogram range (Madrigal-Bujaidar et al. 1997), the same as the dosage used in the human intervention trials (Egner et al. 2000, 2001). At this dose range, it protected mouse bone marrow from benzopyrene toxicity 80.9% and 77.5%, respectively.

The anticancer properties of green tea, black tea, and chlorophyllin were compared, and it was found that chlorophyllin is a far more potent antimutagenic agent, protecting against a wider range of carcinogens than tea (Hernaez et al. 1997). In one study, teas did not degrade the mutagen IQ found in cooked meat, while chlorophyllin rapidly degraded IQ.

In human breast cell studies, chlorophyllin was one of the most effective compounds protecting against DNA adduct formation. Chlorophyllin inhibited adduct formation 65% at 30 micromolar concentrations, and it was also a very effective inhibitor at 15 micromoles/L, a level obtainable in vivo in the tissues of humans (Smith et al. 2001).

In vitro studies with chlorophyllin show it to be an inhibitor of the cytochrome P-450 liver enzymes (Tachino et al. 1994). All in vivo [whole animal] studies where cytochrome P-450 enzyme activity is reduced resulted in lower cancer rates and longer life span (Guengerich et al. 1991). In Stage II liver detoxification, enzymes called glutathione transferases cause glutathione to react with the carcinogens formed from cytochrome P-450 activity to produce harmless byproducts, but this process is not very efficient (Finch et al. 1997). Chlorophyllin, however, makes this conversion more efficient by lowering cytochrome P-450 enzyme activity in the first place and by reacting with carcinogens to produce harmless complexes in a similar manner to the glutathione transferases. Thus, chlorophyllin is not an inducer of glutathione transferases but mimics glutathione transferase activity.



When to Take Chlorophyllin

The primary purpose of taking chlorophyllin supplements is to neutralize dietary carcinogens before they can mutate our DNA genes. People are exposed to more carcinogens in their diet than from cigarette smoke. It has been established that overcooked meat, fried meat, meat containing nitrosamine, and aflatoxin-contaminated plants contain known carcinogens. There are, however, mutagenic agents in virtually all foods. The benefit of eating fresh fruits and vegetables is that they often provide more antimutagenic phytochemicals (such as chlorophyll) than harmful ones.

There is a considerable amount of animal research, and some human data to recommend that a 100-mg capsule of chlorophyllin should be taken with each meal or at least with meals that are known to contain a lot of carcinogens. While some people may not be able to take chlorophyllin with every meal, there would appear to be considerable benefit in taking at least a 100-mg chlorophyllin capsule with the most dangerous meal of the day, that is, the meal that contains the most carcinogens. If your dinner consists of grilled fish or barbecued steak, it might be wise to take 200-300 mg of chlorophyllin to help neutralize the heterocyclic amines and many other carcinogens formed in the cooking process. Because the main benefit of supplementing with chlorophyllin is to detoxify dietary mutagens, it should be taken with food and not wasted on an empty stomach.



Chlorophyllin Side Effects/Contraindications

The only reported side effects with chlorophyllin after 40 years of experience are occasional reports of diarrhea (transient), a green color imparted to the stool, and a pale green color conferred to serum (Egner et al. 2000, 2001). When this coloring of sera was first noticed, the authors of the study noted it to be a good sign. In other words, chlorophyllin is probably acting as an antioxidant and antimutagenic agent in the bloodstream, having been shown to be an inhibitor of ascorbate-iron induced lipid peroxidation (Kamat et al. 2000). Chlorophyllin is sold as an expensive prescription drug to reduce fecal odors in nursing home patients. Some institutions mandate that the chlorophyllin drug be given to every patient to suppress unpleasant odors. When taken by healthy people, chlorophyllin has been reported to reduce fecal aroma and possibly halitosis (Ui et al. 1991; Hideshi et al. 1996).

Persons who have Wilson's disease should avoid chlorophyllin supplements. Wilson's disease is a genetic defect that causes toxic amounts of copper to accumulate in the blood because the body lacks the ability to metabolize copper. Persons with Wilson's disease should avoid any copper supplement because of the excess copper already in their bodies. Those with active cancer may also want to avoid chlorophyllin based on a current theory that copper may promote angiogenesis. Physicians who subscribe to this theory often attempt to reduce copper to extremely low levels to better enable the patient to gain control over their active cancer. Healthy people do not have this concern because most of the copper in chlorophyllin is in the bound form and is not bioavailable to the body.



Choosing a Chlorophyllin Product

There are many chlorophyllin products sold on the supplement market. They can all be expected to provide benefits in reducing fecal odor and possibly halitosis (Ui et al. 1991; Hideshi et al. 1996). In order to derive the maximum antimutagenic effects of chlorophyllin, a supplement should contain standardized potencies of these specific constituents.

A 100-mg capsule of chlorophyllin should contain very little or no free copper. The copper that is naturally part of the chlorophyllin should be tightly sequestered (bound) in the chlorophyllin molecule (Meydani et al. 2002) so that it is not freely available to the body. Consumers should insist on a standardized chlorophyllin supplement that provides optimal percentages of active chlorophyll constituents and verifies that the free copper is very low. To reduce the absorption of any free copper that may be in the product, 10 mg of zinc could be taken with chlorophyllin or be included in the supplement itself.



SUMMARY

The evidence presented here clearly shows that avoiding substances known to inflict gene mutations can reduce one's risk of developing cancer. Epidemiological studies document that people who expose themselves to gene-mutating toxins develop cancer far more frequently than those who follow a healthier lifestyle.

Each human cell sustains about 10,000 DNA gene mutations every day (Seo et al. 2002). If it were not for DNA repair enzymes, these mutations would quickly lead to cancer or functional cell failure. There is a limit to the cell's ability to repair these multiple DNA alterations. That is why protecting genes against mutation is so important.

Most gene mutations occur from environmental factors, the most prevalent being the food we eat (Guengerich et al. 1991; Herskind et al. 1996; Finch et al. 1997). While a healthy diet helps protect our genes, it has been established that gene mutations occur as a part of normal metabolic processes. If we live long enough, the accumulation of gene mutations can result in cancer, neurological disorders, and other degenerative diseases.

While it is possible to reduce exposure to substances that mutate genes, it is impossible to avoid them altogether. Even if one consumed the perfect diet and minimized environmental mutagen exposure, the aging process itself results in gene mutations that can lead to cancer. It, thus, becomes imperative to both detoxify dietary mutagens as well as protect one's genes against mutagenic transformation into cancer cells.

Antioxidants help to protect genes against mutation. This is one reason why humans who consume higher levels of antioxidants and other plant extracts often have lower incidences of cancer. A number of published studies show that chlorophyllin may be the most effective antimutagenic agent ever discovered.

Because the accumulation of gene mutations is the underlying cause of cancer and a host of other diseases, it appears logical to add chlorophyllin to one's supplement program. Chlorophyllin is an antioxidant that quenches a wide variety of reactive oxygen species and exhibits a multitude of anticancer effects at very low doses.

While cholorophyllin is an important nutrient to prevent excess gene mutations, there are other supplements that protect against cancer via different mechanisms.