Researchers say the common supplement’s benefits are unproven, while risks are clear.
27th July 2018
A new analysis of data from multiple studies has linked selenium, a mineral found in the soil as well as in many multivitamins and other supplements, with an increased risk of diabetes. Scientists at the University of Modena in Italy looked at the results of 55 studies over the past 30 years. They found patients taking selenium supplements had an 11 percent higher risk of diabetes.
That’s a relatively small risk, the authors admit, but one that’s important because of the high and growing numbers of diabetes patients worldwide and selenium’s overall positive reputation as a supplement. Older observational studies reported the nutrient reduced cancer risk, but the new review results add to a growing body of evidence that selenium supplements might not be a healthy choice on your next pharmacy run.
Selenium is a nutrient we need but can’t produce ourselves. We ingest it with our diet, and seafood and organ meats are the richest source of selenium. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend 55 microgram of selenium per day for adults. Most Americans get enough selenium from their food. “Although selenium is an essential element for human life due to its anti-oxidant effects, more isn’t better in this case,” Tommaso Filippini, one of the study’s authors, says.
With their review, the research team confirmed the results of a 2007 study that had started out suspecting selenium supplements may actually prevent type 2 diabetes due to their antioxidant effects. To the scientists’ surprise, they found the opposite: supplements may have increased the risk among their over 1,200 study participants.
Why selenium increases diabetes risk isn’t clear yet. Experiments in animals have shown that selenium unhinges the balance of free radicals and antioxidants in the liver and leads to an imbalance in blood insulin levels. The Modena authors also think that excess selenium’s pro-oxidant effect and toxicity may be involved in the development of other diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Another study at the University of Modena recently suggested a connection between inorganic selenium and the progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer’s disease.
Selenium supplements became popular after observational studies in the 1960s reported that people with a diet rich in selenium, or who had high selenium levels in their tissue, had lower cancer risks. Some studies had backed up these results by showing that selenium could slow the growth of cancer cells in the lab. But a recent Cochrane review of newer, randomized controlled trials showed no effect of selenium on cancer risk.
The Modena team won’t pursue further human trials with selenium because of the risks they found. Except in cases of a diagnosed deficiency, they also recommend staying clear of selenium supplements. Filippini says: “It would be unethical to suggest supplementation because the benefits couldn’t be confirmed in trials, and the risks for other diseases, including diabetes 2, are clear.”
This spice may be a powerful therapeutic intervention for more than just type 2 diabetics. It may have a role in reversing pancreatic damage in insulin-dependent, type 1 diabetics ...
Reflect On: What if the long sought after "cure" for diabetes was as safe, affordable, and accessible as a spice sitting in your kitchen cupboard?
“Leave your drugs in the chemist’s pot if you can cure the patient with food.” -Hippocrates, 420 BC
Slowly but surely the world is waking up to the reality that diabetes is not only a preventable but a reversible condition, and that the drug-based model of symptom suppression and disease management has fatal flaws. For instance, some of the drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes actually increase the risk of death, with a recent study showing GMO insulin given to type 2 diabetics may lead to the development of so-called “double diabetes“: type 2 and type 1 diabetes, together. Clearly, if medicine can’t at least abide by its founding principle to “do no harm,” it must seek the answer somewhere other than from the “chemist’s pot.”
As the pharmaceutically-driven medical paradigm continues to lose adherents by the droves, and the public seeks a system that identifies and resolves the root causes of disease, interest is growing in the use of natural substances and lifestyle modifications to prevent and treat blood sugar disorders. And unlike a few decades ago, where most of the evidence for “natural healing” was anecdotal, there are now thousands of studies on hundreds of natural substances and therapeutic activities that may ameliorate blood sugar disorders and their complications. You can check out a good portion of the relevant research on the topic on GreenMedInfo.com’s blood sugar disorder database.
While plants like cinnamon and gymnemasylvestre have received plenty of attention for diabetes over the years, one special plant extract that is beginning to stand out from the crowd as being exceptionally valuable as an anti-diabetic agent is turmeric. There are, in fact, 21 articles on turmeric’s value in type 2 diabetes on our database alone.
Turmeric Extract May Reverse Pancreatic Damage In Type 1 Diabetes
It turns out that this spice may be a powerful therapeutic intervention for more than just type 2 diabetics. Pre-clinical research now reveals it may have a role in reversing pancreatic damage in insulin-dependent, type 1 diabetics, who are routinely told that their condition can not be cured. Type 1 diabetics are rarely educated to the fact that the root cause of their disorder can be addressed: namely, that the deficiency and/or dysfunction of the beta cells in the pancreas responsible for producing insulin can be repaired, as well as the autoimmune issues at the heart of the problem.
Back in 2013, an exciting study published in the journal Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome titled, “The effect of a novel curcumin derivative on pancreatic islet regeneration in experimental type-1 diabetes in rats (long term study),” found that diabetic rats who received a novel water-soluble, high concentrate (53.21%) curcumin derivative orally for 40 days showed an improvement of their plasma glucose, insulin and C-peptide (a marker for the health and insulin producing capability of the beta cells) levels, that began after about 4 months, and continued to improve until the 10 month mark, when their values were almost completely normalized and evidence of significant pancreatic regeneration could be observed. The researchers concluded the novel curcumin derivative (NCD): “…possesses antidiabetic actions and enhanced pancreatic islets regeneration.”
The daily dose used in this rodent study (80 mg/kg) was the body weight equivalent of 6,400 mg or 6.4 grams of curcumin for an average North American male adult (80 kilograms/176 lbs). Rodent and human physiology is, of course, radically different, but significant crossovers nonetheless do exist. In another article, titled “Why Turmeric May Be the Diseased Liver’s Best Friend,” we reviewed research indicating that turmeric may help to reverse damage in and even regenerate the diabetic liver, as well as safety literature on what is a safe human dose:
“A 2001 study in cancer patients reported that quantities of curcumin up to 8 g, administered per day for three months, were not toxic and resulted in significant anti-cancer properties in a number of those treated.[5] Considering that turmeric is only 3-4% curcumin by weight, this implies that a larger quantity of turmeric can be consumed safely, as well.”
Given that organ transplantation (pancreatic islet transplants) is exceedingly expensive and prohibitive due to a lack of donor material and the potential for rejection by the host, the notion that a safe, affordable, and non-prescription spice extract like curcumin may have significant therapeutic value and may even regenerate damaged pancreatic tissue, is truly exciting. That said, it should be noted that since curcumin is not patentable, it is unlikely the 800 million dollars or more needed to fund the requisite clinical trials needed to obtain FDA drug approval will materialize. Because the so-called “evidence” needed to justify the use of a new treatment is locked behind an insurmountably high paywall, don’t count on randomized, controlled, trials being performed on this “natural cure” in the near or distant future.
In this study, the authors surmised that the ameliorative effects curcumin treatment on type 1 diabetic rodents observed were the result of beta cell regeneration and they explained the theory behind how this works:
“Each tissue or organ is believed to contain a small sub-population of cells that is capable of self-renewal and has the ability to give rise to each mature cell type [47]. Thus, one of the most promising sources of beta cells might be pancreatic stem cells.”
The researchers theorized that curcumin likely produces,
“…a favorable systemic and pancreatic environment to foster bone marrow transplantation and islet neogenesis. Accordingly, administration of curcumin; as an established anti-inflammatory and immune modulatory drug; would likely boost and preserve the process of islet regeneration; which was evidently proven true in this study.”
Curcumin’s “immunomodulatory” benefit in type 1 diabetes, also known as autoimmune diabetes, appears to be based on it reducing the activity of the host immune system in attacking self-structures. In fact, another recent study, published in 2014 in the journal Clinical and Experimental Immunology titled, “Curcumin ameliorates autoimmune diabetes. Evidence in accelerated murine models of type 1 diabetes,” found that curcumin down-regulates the T cell response that destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in an improvement in autoimmune or type 1 diabetes.
It is important for the reader to know that curcumin is not a magic bullet; nor is it the only natural substance studied to have potential beta cell regenerative properties. Indeed, pancreatic regeneration has been induced experimentally for at least 23 different natural substances. We have a keyword dedicated to indexing relevant research on the topic here: beta cell regeneration. We’ve highlighted 10 of the most compelling ones in our article, “10 Natural Substances That Could Help Cure Type 1 Diabetes.”
As the research continues to accumulate on the value of natural substances for disease prevention and treatment, it is clear the future of medicine will rely on returning to the wisdom of the ancients, where Hippocrates’ fundamental principle that one can “cure the patient with food” is once again passionately embraced.
Are you a health professional or just a serious research geek? Interested in taking your the GreenMedInfo experience to the next level? Learn about our GMI pro membership features, which includes access to our research PDF database of over 100,000 documents. Learn More Here.
Originally published: 2015-08-30
Article updated: 2019-09-06
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Genetic tests can help determine your risk—and possibly save your life… Diane M. Simeone, MD, an internationally recognized surgeon and scientist, the associate director for translational research at Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Langone Health and director of its Pancreatic Cancer Center in New York City.
Pancreatic cancer is often lethal because it is rarely detected in early stages. Now, life-saving screening can monitor your risk. Read on…
Pancreatic cancer is a frightening disease because it’s usually diagnosed only when it’s reached an advanced, all-too-often lethal stage. But it doesn’t have to be that way.
Everyone knows about screening guidelines for colon cancer and breast cancer, but few are aware that screening tests for pancreatic cancer also are available. Recognizing the key risk factors for this malignancy will help you and your doctor decide whether such tests are appropriate for you or a loved one.
When a pancreatic cancer is found via a screening program, there is an 80% to 90% chance that the tumor can be removed, and up to 30% to 35% of those individuals will live for five or more years.
However, when a pancreatic cancer is found in a person who has not been regularly screened and he/she has already developed symptoms (such as abdominal or back pain, weight loss, nausea and/or jaundice), there is only a 15% chance that it can be removed. This lack of early detection, along with the need for improved therapies, has resulted in a persistently low overall survival rate of 9% for pancreatic cancer patients.
Here’s how to spot pancreatic cancer before it’s too late…
Know Your Risk Factors
The first step to staying ahead of pancreatic cancer is knowing how to assess your risk factors. Your risk is higher if you have any of the following…
• Two or more relatives with pancreatic cancer, including one first-degree relative (parent, sibling or child).
• A first-degree relative who developed pancreatic cancer before age 50.
• An inherited genetic syndrome linked to pancreatic cancer such as Lynch syndrome, which is also associated with colorectal cancer…or BRCA mutations, which predispose a person to breast, ovarian and prostate cancers.
Note: People of Ashkenazi Jewish (Central and Eastern Europe) descent aren’t the only ones who can have BRCA mutations. Though less common, individuals of Norwegian, Swedish, Italian and other ethnic groups have been found to also carry certain BRCA mutations.
Other factors that increase your risk for pancreatic cancer…
• Long-standing type 2 diabetes(more than five years), which increases pancreatic cancer risk by twofold. Note: New-onset diabetes—especially when weight loss instead of weight gain appears—may be an early sign of pancreatic cancer.
• Chronic pancreatitis, which can be caused by heavy use of alcohol (usually four or more drinks a day), increases risk for pancreatic cancer by about threefold.
• Personal history of another type of cancer, such as breast or colon cancer or melanoma.
• Smoking. About 25% of all pancreatic cancer cases are associated with smoking.
• Age. Most people with pancreatic cancer are diagnosed after age 45.
• Gender. Men are slightly more at risk than women.
• Obesity. People with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more are 20% more likely to develop pancreatic cancer.
• Workplace exposure to certain chemicals. Research has found significant links between workplace exposure to chemicals, such as pesticides, asbestos, benzene and chlorinated hydrocarbons, and increased risk for pancreatic cancer.
• Diet. Eating a diet high in processed meats and/or red meat has been linked to increased risk for pancreatic cancer. For every 50 g of processed meat consumed daily (roughly the equivalent of one hot dog or four strips of bacon), risk for pancreatic cancer increases by 19%. The increased risk linked to red meat consumption is less significant but also present—especially in men.
Important: An easy-to-use online Pancreatic Cancer Risk Assessment tool (Find-PanCancer-Early.org) can help determine your risk level based on your answers to a few brief questions about your personal and family medical history. You also can work with your own physician to do a thorough family history if you’re more comfortable with that approach.
Next Steps
If you have any risk factors for pancreatic cancer that are controllable, take immediate action. For example, stop smoking…reduce or eliminate alcohol if you are a heavy drinker…lose weight if you’re overweight…and avoid diabetes or treat it if you’ve already been diagnosed with this condition.
Meanwhile, if you have a family history of pancreatic cancer, talk to your doctor about getting your DNA examined through germline genetic testing, a blood test that looks for specific hereditary mutations in your cells and can help determine your risk. The cost of germline testing has plummeted in recent years, and there are validated tests that check a panel of gene mutations that can be performed for as little as $250. In individuals with a family history of pancreatic cancer, germline testing is typically covered by insurance.
Guidelines published in 2018 in Journal of Clinical Oncology recommend that all patients with pancreatic cancer consider having germline testing. Individuals with a strong family history of pancreatic cancer also are advised to undergo testing and screening.
At the multidisciplinary Pancreatic Cancer Center at the NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, we found that 15% of pancreatic cancer patients have a germline mutation (also known as a “hereditary mutation”) that increased the patient’s risk of developing the disease, even if a strong family history wasn’t present.
Knowing whether such a hereditary, or germline, mutation is present in a pancreatic cancer patient may change the treatment strategy…and have implications for testing siblings and children who might also be at higher risk.
Genetic counseling will help you understand the test results and decide whether it’s appropriate to consider enrolling in a screening program run by specialists in pancreatic cancer. To locate a certified genetics counselor, consult the National Society of Genetic Counselors at NSGC.org.
If an individual is deemed to be high risk, annual imaging of the pancreas is recommended. Two types of tests are used—a pancreatic MRI/MRCP (a special type of MRI)…and an endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).
We usually start with the MRI/MRCP and then check with an EUS the next year, alternating the exams each year. The two tests are complementary and examine the pancreas in slightly different ways. Insurance should cover these tests.
The MRI is noninvasive. With EUS, an upper endoscopy is performed, passing a thin scope down the esophagus into the stomach and the first part of the small intestine after sedation is given (much like a colonoscopy, but no prep is needed). The scope has an ultrasound probe at the end, and the pancreas can be readily visualized, as it is next to the stomach.
Both tests have only very minor risks, but it’s important that the screening be done in a multidisciplinary clinic where there’s collaboration among various health-care providers, such as genetic counselors, gastroenterologists, pancreatic surgeons, radiologists and social workers as well as a tumor board, where this team of experts, along with oncologists, meets to discuss each patient’s unique situation. Pancreatic cancer is a complicated disease, and decision-making in high-risk individuals is best done with an experienced team guiding your care.
Important: Even with a genetic mutation linked to pancreatic cancer, most people will not get the disease. But with an increased risk, it is crucial to know that screening can be an effective strategy to combat pancreatic cancer. I tell my patients, knowledge is power. As we do a better job in identifying individuals at risk, we will be much better positioned to shift the disease from the advanced state to one in which many more patients have easier-to-treat, surgically resectable disease.
With a concerted effort in early detection (and prevention), along with the development of more effective therapies and clinical trial strategies, it is likely that we will see a change in survival in pancreatic cancer patients in the coming years—and it’s about time.
This is a rapidly moving field, so ask questions and seek information from doctors who are at the forefront of the research.
Getting the Best Care
The Pancreatic Cancer Action Network (PanCan.org) is a patient-advocacy group that serves as a resource for finding a high-quality pancreatic cancer center. It’s the driving force behind Precision Promise, a multicenter “adaptive” clinical trial initiative that allows multiple novel therapies to be evaluated alongside standard-of-care approaches to speed the development of new treatments.
Other excellent resources: Rolfe Pancreatic Cancer Foundation (RolfeFoundation.org), a nonprofit dedicated to early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, research that aims to cure the disease and resources for patients and their families…and Project Purple (ProjectPurple.org), another nonprofit group that funds research to defeat pancreatic cancer and supports patients and their families.
January 09, 2019 Top 4 Reasons to Check Your Iron Level, Not Your Cholesterol
STORY AT-A-GLANCE
While your body requires sufficient iron to stay healthy, elevated levels have been linked to cancer, heart disease, neurodegenerative diseases, gouty arthritis, hepatitis C, liver disease and many other health problems
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid iron levels are strongly correlated with the presence of the Alzheimer’s risk allele, APOE-e4, and elevated iron in your brain may actually be the mechanism that makes APOE-e4 a major genetic risk factor for the disease
Elevated ferritin has been linked to impaired glucose metabolism, raising the risk of diabetes fivefold in men and fourfold in women, a magnitude of correlation similar to that of obesity
Iron causes significant harm primarily by catalyzing a reaction within the inner mitochondrial membrane. When iron reacts with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl free radicals are formed, causing severe mitochondrial dysfunction
If your iron level is too high, the easiest way to lower it is to donate blood two or three times a year. If you have severe overload you may need to do more regular phlebotomies. Regular sauna use, which is an effective form of detoxification, is also helpful
While many health screens are overrated or unnecessary, a few stand out as vitally important. For example, while most people will check their cholesterol on a regular basis, even though high cholesterol has been proven to have no significant impact on heart health, few consider checking their serum ferritin (stored iron) level.
Most doctors also ignore this important health screen. This is tragic, because while your body requires sufficient iron to remain healthy,1 elevated levels have been linked to cancer,2heart disease,3 neurodegenerative diseases,4 gouty arthritis5 and many other health problems.6
As noted in a 2007 paper,7 other iron overload conditions include chronic hepatitis C and end-stage liver disease, and even "mild or moderate increase of iron stores appears to have significant clinical relevance" in these and other conditions.
Iron overload is also of particular concern in Alzheimer's disease.8,9,10 According to recent research,11,12 buildup of iron, causing a rusting effect in the brain, plays an important role and is common in most Alzheimer's patients. As noted by the authors:
"In the presence of the pathological hallmarks of [Alzheimer's disease], iron is accumulated within and around the amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, mostly as ferrihydrite inside ferritin, hemosiderin and magnetite.
The co-localization of iron with amyloid-beta has been proposed to constitute a major source of toxicity. Indeed, in vitro, amyloid-beta has been shown to convert ferric iron to ferrous iron, which can act as a catalyst for the Fenton reaction to generate toxic free radicals, which in turn result in oxidative stress."
Other research13 suggests elevated cerebrospinal fluid iron levels are strongly correlated with the presence of the Alzheimer's risk allele, APOE-e4, and that elevated levels of iron in your brain may actually be the mechanism that makes APOE-e4 a major genetic risk factor for the disease.
A primary focus of conventional treatment so far has been to clear amyloid proteins, but while the approach seems logical, such attempts have met with limited success. Now, researchers suggest clearing out excess iron may be a more effective way to reduce damage and slow or prevent the Alzheimer's disease process.
High Iron Impacts Your Diabetes Risk as Much as Obesity
Iron causes significant harm primarily by catalyzing a reaction within the inner mitochondrial membrane. When iron reacts with hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl free radicals are formed. These are among the most damaging free radicals known, causing severe mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn is at the heart of most chronic degenerative diseases.
Importantly, elevated ferritin has been linked to dysfunctional glucose metabolism,14 raising the risk of diabetes fivefold in men and fourfold in women, a magnitude of correlation similar to that of obesity.15 High ferritin also doubles your risk of metabolic syndrome,16 a condition associated with an increased risk of high blood pressure, liver disease and heart disease.
Unfortunately, the first thing people think about when they hear "iron" is anemia (iron deficiency), not realizing that iron overload is actually a more common problem — and far more dangerous.
GGT Test Is Also Advisable to Rule Out Iron Toxicity
A gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) test can also be used as a screening marker for excess free iron and is a great indicator of your sudden cardiac death risk. Recent research also suggests elevated GGT is associated with insulin resistance, cardiometabolic disease17 and chronic kidney disease.18
In recent years, scientists have discovered GGT is highly interactive with iron, and when both your serum ferritin and GGT are high, you are at significantly increased risk of chronic health problems and early death,19,20 because then you have a combination of free iron (which is highly toxic), and the iron storage to keep that toxicity going.21 Hence getting a GGT test in addition to a serum ferritin test is advisable to rule out iron toxicity.
Iron Overload Is Extremely Common
As noted in a recent Nautilus article22 by Clayton Dalton, an emergency medicine resident at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, it's quite possible to come dangerously close to the maximum daily intake of iron thought to be safe simply by eating breakfast, as two servings of fortified breakfast cereal may provide as much as 44 milligrams (mg) of iron in some cases.
Meanwhile, the upper tolerance limit is 45 mg for adults, and the recommended daily allowance is 8 mg for men and 18 mg for premenopausal women (i.e., women who still get their monthly period).
Indeed, most adult men and postmenopausal women are at risk for iron overload and need to be mindful of their intake since they do not lose blood on a regular basis. Blood loss is the primary way to lower excess iron,23 as your body has no active iron excretion mechanism.
There's also an inherited disease, hemochromatosis, which causes your body to accumulate excessive and dangerously damaging levels of iron. The following can also cause or exacerbate high iron. Just remember you cannot base your risk of iron overload on these factors alone. You have to actually measure your iron level if you are:
Cooking in iron pots or pans. Cooking acidic foods in these types of pots or pans will cause even higher levels of iron absorption
Regularly eating processed foods such as cereals and white breads fortified with iron. (What's worse, the iron used in these products is inorganic iron, which has more in common with rust than the bioavailable iron found in meat)
Drinking well water high in iron. The key here is to make sure you have some type of iron precipitator and/or a reverse osmosis water filter
Taking multiple vitamins and mineral supplements, as both of these frequently have iron in them
Regularly consuming alcohol, as this will increase the absorption of iron in your diet. For instance, if you drink wine with your steak, you will likely absorb more iron than you need
Iron's Mechanism of Harm Explained
Your body creates energy by passing the electrons from the carbs and fats you eat to oxygen through the electron transport chain in your mitochondria, which produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Ninety-five percent of the time, the oxygen is converted to water, but 0.5 to 5 percent of the time, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are created.
ROS are not all bad as they are important biological signaling molecules, but excessive ROS leads to mitochondrial damage and dysfunction. Iron can react with hydrogen peroxide in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This is a normal part of cellular aerobic respiration.
However, when you have excessive iron, it catalyzes the formation of excessive hydroxyl free radicals from the peroxide, which decimate your mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial electron transport proteins and cellular membranes. This is how iron overload accelerates chronic disease. Dalton writes:24
"As the chemists Barry Halliwell and John Gutteridge — who wrote the book on iron biochemistry — put it, 'The reactivity of the hydroxyl radicals is so great that, if they are formed in living systems, they will react immediately with whatever biological molecule is in their vicinity, producing secondary radicals of variable reactivity.'
Such is the Faustian bargain that has been struck by life on this planet. Oxygen and iron are essential for the production of energy, but may also conspire to destroy the delicate order of our cells. As the neuroscientist J.R. Connor has said, 'Life was designed to exist at the very interface between iron sufficiency and deficiency.'"
If You're a Carb-Burner, Your Risk May Be Magnified
If you eat excessive net carbs (total carbs minus fiber) the situation is further exacerbated, as burning carbs as your primary fuel can add another 30 to 40 percent more ROS on top of the hydroxyl free radicals generated by the presence of high iron.
Unfortunately, most people burn carbs as their primary fuel these days. If you struggle with any kind of chronic health problem and have high iron and eat a standard American diet that is high in net carbs, normalizing your iron level (explained below) and implementing a ketogenic diet as described in my book, "Fat for Fuel," can go a long way toward improving your health.
Taking extra antioxidants to suppress ROS generated by high iron alone or in combination with a high-sugar diet is inadvisable, as ROS also act as important signaling molecules. They're not all bad. They cause harm only when produced in excess.
Hence your best bet is simply to lower the production of ROS. One of the easiest and most effective ways to do that is to eat a diet high in healthy fats, adequate in protein and low in net carbs. Eating healthy fats can make a bigger difference than you might think, especially if you have high iron.
How Your Body Maintains Iron Homeostasis
Now, your body does have a mechanism for maintaining iron homeostasis, which works well provided you're not getting too much iron from your diet on a regular basis. A key regulator of iron is hepcidin, a protein secreted by your liver. When your iron level is sufficient, your liver secretes hepcidin into your bloodstream.
As your hepcidin level rises, iron absorption in your gastrointestinal tract is inhibited, while cells throughout your body start to sequester iron into ferritin (an iron storage protein). When your iron level is low, your hepcidin level drops, triggering gastrointestinal cells to start absorbing iron from your food again.
Elegant as this system may be, iron overload can still occur if you're consistently consuming too much iron, or if you have a genetic mutation causing impaired iron regulation. A gene called HFE regulates hepcidin; people with hereditary hemochromatosis have two defective copies of this gene, while having just one defective copy is known as heterozygosity. As reported by Dalton:25
"The prevalence of hereditary hemochromatosis, in which two defective copies of the HFE gene are present and there are clinical signs of iron overload, is actually pretty high — as many as 1 in 200 in the United States.
And perhaps 1 in 40 may have two defective HFE genes without overt hemochromatosis. That's more than 8 million Americans who could have a significant short-circuit in their ability to regulate iron absorption and metabolism."
There's evidence26,27 to suggest people with a single defective HFE gene may also have impaired iron metabolism, albeit not to the degree seen in those with hemochromatosis.
According to one study,28 "an estimated 40 to 70 percent of persons with the C282Y homozygous genotype will develop clinical evidence of iron overload," and estimates suggest more than 30 percent of Americans are heterozygotes, placing them at this significantly increased risk.29
People with a single defective HFE gene have also been shown to be at increased risk of heart disease, heart attack and stroke.30,31 In one study,32 heterozygosity raised the risk of cardiomyopathy, a strong risk factor for heart failure, nearly sixfold.
Iron Metabolism and Disease
The discovery of hepcidin in 2000 launched a string of research showing just how dangerous iron overload can be — even if you don't have an HFE gene mutation. I recommend reading through the original article,33 but here's a quick summary of the highlights:
1.Iron and cardiovascular disease — A meta-analysis34 published in 2013 found that 27 of 55 published studies demonstrated a positive relationship between iron and cardiovascular disease, with higher iron levels being linked to higher risk of disease. Twenty of the studies found no significant relationship, and only eight reported a negative relationship, with higher iron levels being associated with lower risk of disease.
For example, a Scandinavian study found elevated ferritin levels raised men's risk of heart attack two- to threefold. In another, people with high ferritin were five times more likely to suffer a heart attack than those with normal levels.
A third found elevated ferritin doubled the risk of heart attack. Importantly, in this study they found that each 1 percent increase in ferritin raised the risk of heart attack by 4 percent, and the only risk factor that weighed heavier than ferritin was smoking.
Canadian scientists have also evaluated the link between serum iron (opposed to serum ferritin) to heart attack risk, as ferritin is not a perfect marker for iron status. They too found that higher iron raised the risk of heart attack in men twofold, and fivefold in women.
2.Iron and diabetes — The link between high iron and diabetes has also strengthened over the years. In the late '80s, it was discovered that patients who receive blood transfusions are at significantly increased risk of diabetes, suggesting iron itself, and not just genetic factors, were in fact at play.
In 1997, the first study35 to investigate this connection published findings confirming that ferritin is indeed a strong predictor of dysfunctional glucose metabolism. The only factor stronger is body mass index.
The association between iron and diabetes was confirmed in 1998, when a study36 found that phlebotomy (blood donation) improved insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism in both healthy and diabetic subjects. This was later reconfirmed in 200537 and 2012.38
In 1999, researchers linked elevated ferritin with a fivefold increased risk of diabetes in men and a nearly fourfold increased risk in women.39 Five years after that, ferritin was linked to a doubled risk of metabolic syndrome, which is also strongly associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease.40
Then, in 2011, a study41 looking at the connection between transferrin saturation (a measure of the iron load in your transferrin protein) and diabetes risk concluded that having a transferrin saturation above 50 percent raised the risk of diabetes two to three times and increased mortality rates.
3.Iron and cancer — As noted by Dalton, "It had been known since the late 1950s that injecting large doses of iron into lab animals could cause malignant tumors." Unfortunately, it would take three decades before scientists started looking at the link between iron and cancer in humans. Today, there's ample evidence for this connection. Among this evidence are studies showing:
◦Elevated ferritin is associated with a three times higher risk of death from cancer42
◦Men who develop cancer have higher transferritin saturation and blood levels of iron than cancer-free men43
◦Blood donors are between 20 percent44 and 30 percent45 less likely to develop cancer than non-donors
◦Elevated ferritin raises your risk of colorectal cancer threefold and lung cancer by 1.5 times.46 A meta-review of 33 studies that looked at the link between iron and colorectal cancer specifically found more than 75 percent of these studies supported the link47
◦Your risk of dying from cancer increases the higher your serum iron and transferrin saturation levels are. People with the highest levels have double the risk of death as those with the lowest48
4.Iron and neurological disease — Last but not least, high iron has repeatedly been shown to wreak havoc in the brain. Some of this research has already been mentioned. As noted by Dalton:
"[Your brain] burns 20 percent of the body's total oxygen requirement. With a metabolism that hot, it's inevitable that the brain will also produce more free radicals as it churns through all that oxygen. Surprisingly, it's been shown that the brain appears to have less antioxidant capacity than other tissues in the body,49 which could make it more susceptible to oxidative stress … This, in turn, points to a sensitivity to iron."
Dalton goes on to cite a number of studies which, when taken together, "suggest that abnormal iron metabolism in the brain could be a causative factor in Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases."
Ideal Iron and GGT Levels
When checking your serum ferritin, it's important to remember the "normal" ranges for GGT and serum ferritin are far from ideal.50 If you're in the "normal" range, you're virtually guaranteed to develop some sort of health problem. It's also important to remember that you need both tests to confirm the absence of iron toxicity.
To learn more about this, see my interview with Gerry Koenig, former chairman of the Iron Disorders Institute and the Hemochromatosis Foundation, embedded above for your convenience. The recommended, ideal levels, of ferritin and GGT are as follows:
•Ferritin — Adult men and non-menstruating women: 30 to 40 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or 75 to 100 nanomoles per liter (nmol/L51).
The most commonly used threshold for iron deficiency in clinical studies is 12 to 15 ng/mL (30 to 37 nmol/L).52 You do not want to be below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L) or above 80 ng/mL (200 nmol/L). High iron during pregnancy is also problematic; having a level of 60 or 70 ng/mL (150 or 175 nmol/L) is associated with greater odds of poor pregnancy outcomes.
•GGT — Below 16 units per liter (U/L) for men and below 9 U/L for women. Above 25 U/L for men and 18 U/L for women, your risk of chronic disease increases significantly.
Ferritin and GGT are interactive, and low GGT tends to be protective against higher ferritin. So, if your GGT is low, you're largely protected even if your ferritin is a bit higher than ideal. Still, it would still be wise to take steps to lower your ferritin to a more ideal level. On the other hand, even if your ferritin is low, having elevated GGT levels is cause for concern and needs to be addressed.
If you are thin, with a body mass index below 22 or 23, Koenig suggests getting a transferrin test as well, which gives you a percentage saturation level. A level of 25 to 35 percent is typically considered healthy. In the 1970s, the transferrin saturation test was used as a marker for early death. Having a transferrin saturation percentage of over 55 indicated a 60 percent increased risk for premature death.
How to Lower Your Iron and GGT Levels
If your iron level is too high, the easiest way to lower it is to donate blood two or three times a year. If you have severe overload you may need to do more regular phlebotomies. Regular sauna use, which is an effective form of detoxification, is also helpful.
While I've long recommended donating blood as the solution to iron overload, I now believe a balanced approach using phlebotomy, detoxification and reducing dietary iron, especially meat, is the best way to go about it.
Keep in mind that trying to control high iron through your diet alone can be risky, as you will also forgo many valuable nutrients. That said, to avoid maximizing iron absorption, avoid eating iron-rich foods in combination with vitamin C-rich foods or beverages, as the vitamin C will increase iron absorption. If needed, you could also take a curcumin supplement. Curcumin acts as a potent chelator of iron and can be a useful supplement if your iron is elevated.
As for lowering GGT, you'll need to implement strategies that boost glutathione, a potent antioxidant produced in your body, as GGT is inversely related to glutathione. As your GGT level rises, your glutathione goes down. This is in fact part of the equation explaining how elevated GGT harms your health. By elevating your glutathione level, you will lower your GGT.
The amino acid cysteine, found in whey protein, poultry and eggs, plays an important role in your body's production of glutathione. Red meat, which does not contain cysteine, will tend to raise GGT, as will alcohol, so both should be avoided.53
Research also suggests eating at least 10 servings of fruits and vegetables rich in vitamin C, fiber, beta-carotene, anthocyanins and folate per week can help reduce GGT.54 Examples include carrots, romaine lettuce, spinach, sweet potatoes, apricots and tomatoes.
Also, be aware that certain medications can raise your GGT. If this is the case, please confer with your doctor to determine whether you might be able to stop the medication or switch to something else, and avoid over-the-counter medicines, including ibuprofen and aspirin, both of which can damage your liver.
General detoxification is another important component if your GGT is high, as your liver's job is to remove toxins from your body. The fact that your GGT is elevated means your liver is under stress.
Take Control of Your Health by Checking Your Iron Status Annually
I strongly suggest most adults seriously consider getting a serum ferritin test on an annual basis to confirm you're neither too high nor too low. Again, keep in mind that the "normal" ranges for serum ferritin are far from ideal.55 In some labs, a level of 200 to 300 ng/mL (499 to 749 nmol/L) falls within the normal range for women and men respectively, which is far too high for optimal health.
When it comes to iron overload, I believe it can be every bit as dangerous to your health as vitamin D deficiency, and checking your iron status is far more important than your cholesterol. While a full iron panel that checks serum iron, iron-binding capacity and ferritin can be helpful, you really only need the serum ferritin test, plus the GGT test. Your doctor can write you a prescription for these tests, or you can order them from HealtheIron.com.
So, to reiterate some of the most important take-home messages, to prevent ill health due to iron overload, be sure to:
Regularly screen for iron overload with a serum ferritin or GGT level to confirm that you don't have excess iron and, if you do, donate blood to lower your levels. Recent U.S. legislation allows all blood banks to perform therapeutic phlebotomy for hemochromatosis or iron overload. All you need is a doctor's order
Lower your net carb intake and increase healthy fats to switch over to fat-burning mode and protect your mitochondria. This will help to radically reduce ROS and secondary free radical production
Don't avoid iron-rich foods. Just avoid combining them with vitamin C-rich foods, and combine them with calcium-rich foods instead to limit absorption. Also avoid alcohol, which will increase the absorption of iron in your diet. You could also consider a curcumin supplement to reduce your iron load without risking the elimination of other valuable minerals
Unless you have a lab-documented iron deficiency, avoid iron-containing multivitamins, iron supplements and mineral supplements that contain iron
